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2006�������l(w��i)���M����WHO���������]�ͅR�������l(w��i)�����x(ch��ng)���r(n��ng)ˎ���������ͺ̈́�����[1]���������l(f��)���������]���ڷ������x(ch��ng)���҃�(n��i)���������g�����Ϳ��������x(ch��ng)���L(zh��ng)Ч���Î����Î�̎�횢�x(ch��ng)�a(ch��n)Ʒ���r(n��ng)ˎƷ�N�����ͺ̈́��������¹����Ĕ�(sh��)��(j��)�c�ϰ��������ӆ������N���η����еIJ����r(n��ng)ˎƷ�N���քe��(bi��o)���������w�F(xi��n)��Ч�����������ʾ�ƌW(xu��)�����������������@��(du��)�҇�(gu��)�r(n��ng)ˎ�����Ͳ�ý���ε��I(l��ng)�����һ���ą����r(ji��)ֵ���F(xi��n)�����(b��o)��������
1. WHO���]�����҃�(n��i)�������ί���ý����r(n��ng)ˎ
2015��3��2����WHO�l(f��)���������]�����҃�(n��i)�������ί�����ý���r(n��ng)ˎ�̈́���(��1) [2-3]���c2006���(n��i)���������������r(n��ng)ˎ��e���������](m��i)��׃�����˴θ��H���Ә�(bi��o)ע���r(n��ng)ˎ�Ą��ͣ�����WP��WG��SC�ȣ����w�F(xi��n)��Ч�ڵIJ��ȡ����Ч�ɷֵ�Σ���ּ�(j��)�����x(ch��ng)��Ҹ���Ŀǰ�u(p��ng)����M����������16th WHOPES�����M��(hu��)�h (2013-7-22/30)��17th WHOPES�����M��(hu��)�h���ύ��(b��o)�棨2014-9-15/19��[4]��
��1. WHO���]�����҃�(n��i)�������ί���ý����r(n��ng)ˎ�̈́���
��̖(h��o) | �r(n��ng)ˎ���Q | ����a | eb | ���� (g a.i./m2) | ���÷�ʽ | ��Ч�� (��(g��)��) |
1 | ���DDT | WP | OC | 1-2 | �|�� | > 6 |
2 | �R������malathion | WP | OP | 2 | �|�� | 2-3 |
3 | ��������fenitrothion | WP | OP | 2 | �|�����՚��|�� (airborne) | 3-6 |
4 | �������pirimiphos-methyl | WP, EC | OP | 1-2 | �|�����՚��|�� | 2-3 |
�������pirimiphos-methyl | CS | OP | 1 | �|�����՚��|�� | 4-6 |
5 | �f�x(ch��ng)��bendiocarb | WP��WP-SB | C | 0.1-0.4 | �|�����՚��|�� | 2-6 |
6 | ������propoxur | WP | C | 1-2 | �|�����՚��|�� | 3-6 |
7 | �ʽ������� alpha-cypermethrin | WP, SC | PY | 0.02�C0.03 | �|�� | 4-6 |
�ʽ�������alpha-cypermethrin | WG-SB | PY | 0.02�C0.03 | �|�� | ��4 |
8 | (li��n)������bifenthrin | WP | PY | 0.025�C0.05 | �|�� | 3-6 |
9 | ���������cyfluthrin | WP | PY | 0.02-0.05 | �|�� | 3-6 |
10 | �������deltamethrin | SC-PE | PY | 0.02�C0.025 | �|�� | 6 |
������� deltamethrin | WP, WG, WG-SB | PY | 0.02�C0.025 | �|�� | 3-6 |
11 | �Ѿ��� etofenprox | WP | PY | 0.1-0.3 | �|�� | 3-6 |
12 | ��Ч�ȷ������lambda-cyhalothrin | WP, CS | PY | 0.02-0.03 | �|�� | 3-6 |
ע��aCS =�ґҸ���; EC =����; SC =�Ҹ���; SC-PE =�ۺ�-�Ҹ���; WG =ˮ��ɢ����; WG-SB =ˮ��ɢ����-ˮ�ܰ��b��; WP =�ɝ��Էۄ�; WP-SB =�ɝ��Էۄ�-ˮ�ܰ��b����b OC=�ЙC(j��)��;OP=�ЙC(j��)��;C=����������;PY=������
2. WHO���]���ڿ��g���������r(n��ng)ˎ
2016��2��5����WHO�l(f��)�����]���ڿ��g�������õ��r(n��ng)ˎ��������������ʩˎ��ʽ�ͭh(hu��n)������2��[1,5-7]���˴θ��±��ϰ�׃��(d��ng)�^���r(n��ng)ˎƷ�N��14��(g��)�p�ٵ�5��(g��)��ȡ��9��(g��)����������fenitrothion���������pirimiphos-methyl���Ѿ���etofenprox���������cypermethrin���S����resmethrin���������Ѿ���d-Phenothrin�������S����Bioresmethrin�����������cyphenothrin�����������cyfluthrin��������1��(g��)����a(ch��n)Ʒ���Ⱦ���+S����ϩ������+���������ѣ������Ә�(bi��o)ע���r(n��ng)ˎ�Ą������w�F(xi��n)�҃�(n��i)��ʹ�õIJ�����R����������Ч�ȷ�������H���S������ʹ�ã�����/�ᇊ�Fʹ�Ä����IJ��ȡ������Ч�ɷֵ�Σ���ּ�(j��)��
��2. WHO���]���ڿ��g���������r(n��ng)ˎ
NO | �r(n��ng)ˎ | ���� | �҃�(n��i) | ���� |
(g ai/ 1000 m3) | (g ai/ha) |
(��)���F | ���F | (��)���F | ���F |
���g���F | ���g���F |
1 | �������deltamethrin | UL | 0.5 | 0.05 | 0.5 �C 1.0 | 0.5 �C 1.0 |
�������deltamethrin | EW | - | 0.05 | 1 | - |
2 | ��Ч�ȷ������lambda-cyhalothrin | EC | - | - | 1-2 | 2 |
3 | �R������malathion | EW��UL | - | - | 112-600 | 112-600 |
4 | �Ⱦ���permethrin (25 cis:75 trans; 10.35% w/w) + S-����ϩ������s-bioallethrin (0.14 w/w) +����������piperonyl butoxide (9.85% w/w) | EW | 0.55* | 0.73* | - | - |
5 | ���������������d-d, trans-cyphenothrin | EC | 0.1 - 0.2 | 0.2 | 3.5 -4.00 | 3.5 - 4.0 |
ע��EC =����; EW =ˮ�鄩; UL =��������Һ����ULV����*:�Ⱦ�����
3.WHOPES���]���������x(ch��ng)���r(n��ng)ˎ�̈́���
2016��2��5����WHO�l(f��)�������]���ڷ��������x(ch��ng)���r(n��ng)ˎ�������������ͷ���(��3)[1, 3, 8-10]���˴θ��±��ϰ�׃��(d��ng)�^���r(n��ng)ˎƷ�N��10��(g��)�p�ٵ�9��(g��)��ȡ��ȼ����fuel oil��ϩ�x(ch��ng)��methoperene�����Ӷ���ù��spinosad��������1��(g��)����a(ch��n)Ʒ���Ⱦ���+S����ϩ������+���������ѣ������Ә�(bi��o)ע���r(n��ng)ˎ�Ą������w�F(xi��n)�ڲ�ͬˮ��h(hu��n)��ʹ�Ä����IJ��ȡ����Ч�ɷֵ�Σ���ּ�(j��)��
��3. �����l(w��i)���M�����]���ڷ��������x(ch��ng)���r(n��ng)ˎ�̈́���
No | �r(n��ng)ˎ������ | ����a | eb | ����(ai) |
ͨ�����_(k��i)��ˮ�w�� | ����ˮ�w |
(g/ha) | (mg/m2) | (mg/L) |
1 | �K�ƽ�ѿ�ߗU����ɫ�Ё��NstrainAM65-52 (3000 ITU/mg)Bacillus thuringiensisisraelensis strainAM65-52 (3000 ITU/mg) | WG | BL | 125-750c | 12.5-75c | 1-5c |
�K�ƽ�ѿ�ߗU����ɫ�Ё��NAM65-52 (200 ITU/mg) Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, strain AM65-52 (200 ITU/mg) | GR | BL | 5000-20000c | 500-2000c | - |
2 | ������chlorpyrifos | EC | OP | 11-25 | 1.1-2.5 | - |
3 | ���x(ch��ng)�� diflubenzuron | DT, GR, WP | BU | 25�C100 | 2.5�C10 | 0.02�C0.25 |
4 | ������ novaluron | EC | BU | 10�C100 | 1�C10 | 0.01�C0.05 |
5 | ������ pyriproxyfen | GR | JH | 10�C50 | 1�C5 | 0.01 |
6 | ������fenthion | EC | OP | 22-112 | 2.2-11.2 | - |
7 | �������pirimiphos-methyl | EC | OP | 50-500 | 5-50 | 1 |
8 | �p����temephos | EC, GR | OP | 56-112 | 5.6-11.2 | 1 |
9 | ����ù��spinosad | DT, EC, GR, SC | SP | 20-500 | 2-50 | 0.1-0.5 |
����ù��spinosad 83.3 | DT-�Ό� | SP | 250-500 | 25-50 | - |
����ù��spinosad 25 �_(k��i)��ˮ�wopen bodies of water �ھ��и��ЙC(j��)�|(zh��)�_(k��i)��ˮ�w�з����¾��(k��)��control of Culex quinquefasciatus in open bodies of water with high organic matter | GR-��� | SP SP | 250-400 1000-1500 | 25-40 100-150 | - - |
ע��aDT = Ƭ��; GR = �w����; EC = ����; WG = ˮ��ɢ����; WP = �ɝ��Էۄ���b BL =��(x��)�����ׄ�; BU =���������; JH =�������;OP =�ЙC(j��)��; SP =����ù����c �Ƅ��a(ch��n)Ʒ��
4. WHO���]���L(zh��ng)Ч���Î�
2016��2��5����WHO�l(f��)�������]���L(zh��ng)Ч���Î��a(ch��n)Ʒ�����(bi��o)��(zh��n)��B(t��i)�������L(zh��ng)Ч���Î��ǽ����аl(f��)�a(ch��n)Ʒ����4��[6-7,11]���˱��������ӵ�����ԓa(ch��n)Ʒ���M(j��n)��WHO�Ę�(bi��o)��(zh��n)��
��4. WHO���]���L(zh��ng)Ч���Î��a(ch��n)Ʒ�͘�(bi��o)��(zh��n)��B(t��i)
��̖(h��o) | �a(ch��n)Ʒe | ��Ʒ�� | ���]��B(t��i) | ��(bi��o)��(zh��n)�����B(t��i) |
1 | �������ͿĤ��deltamethrin coated on polyester | DawaPlus 2.0 | �R�r(sh��) | �l(f��)�� |
2 | �ʽ�������Ƕ�뷨alpha-cypermethrin incorporated into polyethylene | Duranet | ��ʽ | �l(f��)�� |
3 | �ʽ�������ͿĤ��alpha-cypermethrin coated on polyester | Interceptor | ��ʽ | �l(f��)�� |
4 | �������Ƕ�뷨deltamethrin incorporated into polypropylene | LifeNet | �R�r(sh��) | �l(f��)�� |
5 | �ʽ�������Ƕ�뷨alpha-cypermethrin incorporated into polyethylene | MAGNet | ��ʽ | �l(f��)�� |
6 | �ʽ�������Ƕ�뷨alpha-cypermethrin incorporated into polyethylene | MiraNet | �R�r(sh��) | �l(f��)�� |
7 | �Ⱦ���Ƕ�뷨permethrin incorporated into polyethylene | Olyset Net | ��ʽ | �l(f��)�� |
8 | �Ⱦ���+��Ч��Ƕ�뷨permethrin and PBO incorporated into polyethylene | Olyset Plus | �R�r(sh��) | �l(f��)�� |
9 | �������Ƕ�뷨deltamethrin incorporated into polyethylene | Panda Net 2.0 | �R�r(sh��) | �l(f��)�� |
10 | �������ͿĤ��deltamethrin coated on polyester | Perma Net 2.0 | ��ʽ | �l(f��)�� |
11 | �M���ͣ��������ͿĤ�ӣ��ӏ�(qi��ng)��(c��)߅),�c�����������Ч��Ƕ���(���)combination of deltamethrin coated on polyester with strengthened border (side panels), and deltamethrin and PBO incorporated into polyethylene (roof) | PermaNet 3.0 | �R�r(sh��) | �l(f��)�� |
12 | �ʽ�������ͿĤ��alpha-cypermethrin incorporated into polyethylene | Royal Sentry | ��ʽ | �l(f��)�� |
13 | �ʽ�������Ƕ�뷨alpha-cypermethrin coated on polyester | SafeNet | ��ʽ | �l(f��)�� |
14 | �������ͿĤ��deltamethrin coated on polyester | Yahe | �R�r(sh��) | �l(f��)�� |
15 | �������ͿĤ��deltamethrin coated on polyester | Yorkool | ��ʽ | �l(f��)�� |
5. WHO���]���ڷ��ί�����ý���Î�̎���r(n��ng)ˎ�a(ch��n)Ʒ
2016��2��5����WHO�l(f��)�������]���ڷ��ί�����ý���Î�̎���r(n��ng)ˎ�a(ch��n)Ʒ����Ч�ɷ������ͺ̈́�������5-6��[3,12]���˴θ��±��ϰ�׃��(d��ng)�^�����ڳ�Ҏ(gu��)̎���a(ch��n)Ʒ���mȻ�r(n��ng)ˎƷ�N�](m��i)�����p������������׃��(d��ng)��ȡ��������׃����ˮ�鄩���w�F(xi��n)�h(hu��n)���͇�(y��n)֔(j��n)�ԣ������Ğ���Ч�ɷ���mg/m2�Î�����ǰ����ÿ��(g��)�Î�����������ml����ʾ���ƌW(xu��)��25%�������WT������ͿĤ���������L(zh��ng)Ч���Î��Įa(ch��n)Ʒ��10%��Ч�ȷ������CSͿĤ���ij�Ч�ڿ��_(d��)30-36��(g��)����
��5.��Ҏ(gu��)̎���a(ch��n)Ʒ
��̖(h��o) | �r(n��ng)ˎ | ���ͼ�����a | ����b |
1 | �ʽ�������alpha-cypermethrin | SC 10�� | 20-40 |
2 | ���������cyfluthrin | EW 5�� | 50 |
3 | �������deltamethrin | SC 1����WT 25������WT 25��+ճ�τ�c | 15-25 |
4 | �Ѿ���etofenprox | EW 10�� | 200 |
5 | ��Ч�ȷ������lambda-cyhalothrin | CS 2.5�� | 10-15 |
6 | �Ⱦ���permethrin | EC10�� | 200-500 |
ע�� a EC =����; EW =ˮ�鄩; CS =�ґҸ���; SC =�Ҹ���;WT =ˮ��ɢƬ���� b ÿƽ�����Î�����Ч�ɷֵ�mg ��(sh��)�� c K-O TAB 1-2-3®��
��6.�L(zh��ng)Ч���Î��a(ch��n)Ʒ
�a(ch��n)Ʒ���Q | �a(ch��n)Ʒe | ��ˎ�� (��(g��)��) |
ICON®MAXX | ��Ч�ȷ������lambda-cyhalothrin10% CS +ճ���p���b ��������ͥ�Î�62mg ai /m2��3250px��4500px��3750px���� ���������� 50mg ai /m2����ͥ�ô��Î�����83mg ai /m2�������Î��� | 30-36 |
�����īI(xi��n)��
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http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/69795/1/WHO_CDS_NTD_WHOPES_GCDPP_2006.1_eng.pdf.
[2]WHO. WHO recommended insecticides for indoor residual spraying against malaria vectors, 2015 [EB/OL]. Geneva.
http://www.who.int/whopes/Insecticides_IRS_2_March_2015.pdf?ua=1.
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[5]WHO. WHO recommended insecticides for space spraying against mosquitoes, 2016 [EB/OL]. Geneva.
http://www.who.int/whopes/Space_Spray_products_February_2016.pdf?ua=1.
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http://www.who.int/whopes/recommendations/wgm/en/.
[7] WHO. WHO specifications for pesticides used in public health. EB/OL]. Geneva. http://www.who.int/whopes/quality/newspecif/en/
[8] WHO. WHOPES-recommended compounds and formulations for control of mosquito larvae, 2016 [EB/OL]. Geneva.
http://www.who.int/whopes/Mosquito_larvicides_Feb_2016.pdf?ua=1.
[9] WHO. WHOPES recommendations and reports of WHOPES Working Group meetings. [EB/OL]. Geneva.
http://www.who.int/whopes/recommendations/en/
[10] WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality - Volume 1: Recommendations, Third edition, incorporating first and second addenda, 2008[EB/OL]. Geneva. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/.
[11] WHO. WHO recommended long-lasting insecticidal nets, 2016 [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://www.who.int/whopes/Long-lasting_insecticidal_nets_February_2016.pdf?ua=1.
[12] WHO. WHO recommended insecticide products for treatment of mosquito nets for malaria vector control, 2016 [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://www.who.int/whopes/Insecticides_ITN_Malaria_Feb2016.pdf?ua=1.
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